Ideal Water Temperature for Fish: The Chart for 26 Freshwater Species

Get this thermometer on paper, free

Your email address

Send me the card

Plus one email a week on what's biting now. No sales pitches. Privacy.

The best water temperature for fishing, for most freshwater game fish, is 65–75 °F (18–24 °C). That is where largemouth bass, walleye, crappie, white bass and yellow perch feed hardest. Trout and salmon mostly want it colder, 50–65 °F (10–18 °C), and catfish and carp want it warmer, 75–85 °F (24–29 °C). Set the thermometer above to your water and it sorts 26 species into spawning, feeding, slowing down and too warm; for the species with their own page it adds where to find them and what to throw.

A fish’s metabolism roughly doubles with every 18 °F (10 °C) of warming and halves with every 18 °F of cooling. A bass at 55 °F needs about half the food a bass at 75 °F needs, which is why the same lure that gets ignored in April gets crushed in June.

The chart

The chart is for freshwater fish. The comfort range is where the species is most often caught feeding; it often sits below the “preferred temperature” that laboratory charts print (why is below). “Spawn” is the water temperature that starts spawning. “Stress” is where feeding slows and the fish move to find cooler water, or deeper water for the coldwater species. The figures come from the state fish and wildlife agencies and three compilations (Coutant 1977, Hokanson 1977, Wismer and Christie 1987), rounded to the nearest degree.

Two things stand out. The warmwater and coldwater groups barely overlap: a lake at 62 °F (17 °C) is a slow day for bass and a good one for trout, and the reverse at 74 °F (23 °C). And the spawn column is a calendar. Walleye and pike go first, right after ice-out in the 40s. Crappie and white bass follow in the 50s, then bass at 60 and bluegill in the upper 60s. Channel catfish come last, at about 75 °F (24 °C) in early summer.

Is 90 °F too hot to fish, and is 50 °F too cold?

At 90 °F (32 °C) every fish in the chart is past its comfort range. Bluegill and bullhead reach their stress point there, carp hold out to about 95 °F (35 °C), and channel catfish survive indefinitely up to about 95 °F. Bass, walleye, crappie and pike are well past theirs, so fish first and last light, shade, current and the thermocline edge. Trout are best left alone above 70 °F (21 °C).

At 50 °F (10 °C) channel catfish stop feeding, and bass and crappie sit far below their comfort range. Lake trout, steelhead and salmon are inside theirs. Neither number is a reason to stay home; it decides which fish to chase.

Which page for your fish?

The chart gives the band to start in. The species pages take one fish at a time, with its spawn, its feeding bands and what to throw in each.

• Bass: the spawn, the bite and what to throw at each band.
• Crappie: when they move up to spawn, how deep and for how long.
• Bluegill: the 67–80 °F spawn and how to find the beds.
• Walleye: the 42–50 °F spawn window and every band after it.
• Catfish: when channels, blues and flatheads bite.
• Trout: the 68 °F line, the limits and the summer refuges.

Why does every chart you find disagree?

Put two charts side by side and the numbers differ, sometimes by ten degrees. There are three honest reasons.

1. Laboratory preference is not field behavior. Coutant’s 1977 compilation, still the standard reference, lists the temperatures fish chose in tanks with a gradient. Largemouth bass in those tanks settled at 84–90 °F (29–32 °C), warmer than any angler’s chart, because a tank has food, oxygen and no reason to leave. A lake at 84 °F has less oxygen, and the bass move to shade and depth.
2. Fish adapt to their latitude. Hokanson showed that yellow perch and walleye from northern lakes spawn and feed at lower temperatures than the same species farther south. The agencies disagree accordingly: Wisconsin puts northern pike spawning at 34–40 °F (1–4 °C), Minnesota at 40–50 °F (4–10 °C). A smallmouth in Lake Erie and a smallmouth in a Texas reservoir have different comfort ranges, and a national chart splits the difference.
3. Comfort, growth and preference are different numbers. Channel catfish grow fastest at about 85 °F (29 °C), grow slowly below 65 °F (18 °C) and survive indefinitely up to about 95 °F (35 °C), only briefly above 100 °F (38 °C). A chart that reports “optimum” may mean any of those three.

So use the chart the way a guide uses it: as the band to start in, adjusted by what the fish tell you that day.

How does a lake layer, and when does it mix?

Water is densest at 39 °F (4 °C), and that one fact runs a lake’s year. From late June the sun warms the top and the wind stirs only the upper layer, so the lake stratifies. You get a warm upper layer, then a thermocline where the temperature drops several degrees in a few feet. The cold water below it gets no new oxygen until fall.

In fall the surface cools to the temperature of the deep water, and the layers lose their difference in density. One windy week then mixes the whole lake top to bottom. That is the fall turnover, the murky, scattered week every reservoir angler knows. In winter the order flips: the coldest water sits just under the ice and the 39 °F water on the bottom, which is where the fish spend it.

Measure where the fish are, not where you are

A surface reading from the boat’s sonar is the least useful temperature on the lake; a fishing thermometer on a line reads the depth you fish. Three rules make the number mean something:

• Depth. In a stratified summer lake, bass and walleye hold on the thermocline edge and trout and salmon live under it. A summer lake can read 82 °F (28 °C) on top and 60 °F (16 °C) at 15 ft (4.6 m). A fish finder shows the thermocline as a band of clutter at one depth (how to read one).
• Time of day. In spring the sun builds a shallow layer of warmer water by late afternoon, on the downwind side of the lake, and the afternoon is when pre-spawn bass move up. The morning reading tells you nothing about the afternoon bite.
• Trend beats level. Fish respond to the direction of change more than to the number. A three-day warming trend in April at 52 °F (11 °C) fishes better than a stable 58 °F (14 °C) after a cold front.

To get a reading before you leave home, the lake water temperature page shows how to find one.

What to throw for bass at each temperature

Here is the band, where the bass sit and the lure that matches it, for largemouth and smallmouth in a typical northern-tier reservoir. Southern lakes run the same sequence a month or two earlier.

1. Below 50 °F (10 °C), winter. Bass sit deep on vertical structure: bluffs, channel drops, standing timber. Suspending jerkbaits worked with long pauses, a jig or a leadhead grub crawled along the bottom, a blade bait or spoon dropped on marked fish.
2. 50–60 °F (10–16 °C), pre-spawn. Bass move from wintering areas toward spawning flats and stage on the first structure next to them. A deep crawfish-pattern crankbait, a slow-rolled spinnerbait, a lipless crankbait over emerging grass.
3. 60–65 °F (16–18 °C), spawn. Flat, protected, shallow structure; nests in 2–8 ft (0.6–2.4 m). A tube or floating worm in clear water, a soft jerkbait in stained water, a wacky-rigged stick bait around beds.
4. 65–80 °F (18–27 °C), post-spawn to summer. Bass split: some on the first deep break, some in shallow cover. Topwater at dawn and dusk, a frog over grass, a Texas-rigged worm or a football jig on the breaks by day.
5. Above 80 °F (27 °C), high summer. Bass move to deep breaks and the thickest cover; above 85 °F (29 °C) feeding windows shrink to low light, and the fish go to shade, current and the thermocline edge. Deep crankbaits and Carolina rigs on ledges, a punch rig into the thickest mat, night fishing with a black spinnerbait.
6. Cooling back through 65–55 °F (18–13 °C), fall. The best feeding of the year as bass chase shad into creeks and coves. Lipless crankbaits, spinnerbaits, walking topwaters, a swimbait when the bait balls up.

The same logic runs for every species in the chart: find where the water is in its range, and the position and the lure follow. What the weather, the barometer and the moon do to the bite is on the conditions hub; the knots and the basics are under techniques.

Free download

The water temperature card

Read your water temperature and the card tells you who is spawning, who is feeding and what to throw. 26 species, 16 pages, for your phone and the tackle box.

Your email address

Send me the card

Plus one email a week on what's biting now. No sales pitches. Privacy.