Do Fish Fart? The Herring That Talks With Bubbles, and More

Atlantic herring in an 1877 color plate: slim silver body, blue-green back, deeply forked tail — Illustration: Gervais and Boulart, 1877 (public domain)

Key takeaways

Herring fart on purpose: bubble streams from the anal duct make Fast Repetitive Tick sounds, 1.7–22 kHz, 0.6–7.6 seconds, mostly at night and more often in bigger groups.
The gas came from the swim bladder, not from digestion: the lab herring made the sounds with no access to air, and feeding made no difference.
Trout, pike, carp, catfish and herring have an open swim bladder with a duct to the gut, so they burp. Bass, walleye and perch have a closed one and lose gas over hours.
Sweden's navy chased 'submarine' sounds for over a decade after a Soviet sub grounded in 1981; in 1996 two biologists showed it was herring. Ig Nobel Prize 2004, shared.
Madden 2024: 57% of fizzed and 61% of punctured smallmouth sank over 180 ft (55 m) of water. Release a fizzed bass shallower than 33 ft (10 m), or use a descending device.

Yes, some fish fart, and herring do it on purpose: in the dark, in streams of tiny bubbles that tick like a fast clock. The scientists who proved it won a prize for it. Most other fish burp instead, and a whole group of fish, bass among them, cannot pass gas at either end. That last group is the one that needs an angler’s help when it comes up from deep water swollen like a balloon.

The 2004 Ig Nobel Prize in Biology went to two teams at once. One showed that herring communicate by farting; the other traced the “Soviet submarine” sounds the Swedish navy had chased since 1981 to schools of herring.

How do herring fart?

Ben Wilson, Robert Batty and Lawrence Dill kept wild-caught Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in tanks with hydrophones and cameras. At night the tanks began to tick. Each fish let out a fine stream of bubbles from its anal duct, and each stream made a sound. The team named it the Fast Repetitive Tick, FRT for short, and published it in Biology Letters in late 2003.

Each burst is a train of broadband pulses from 1.7 to 22 kHz, so the top end sits above what an adult human can hear. A burst lasts 0.6 to 7.6 seconds. Batty described the sound as “high-pitched raspberries,” heard only at night. The Swedish team working on the same species measured single chirps of 32 to 133 milliseconds, each built of 7 to 50 pulses.

Three findings make it biology. First, the herring made the sounds almost only at night, when a schooling fish cannot see its neighbors. Second, the more herring in the tank, the more sounds each fish made: a social signal, not a reflex. Third, the fish did it without any access to the surface, and whether they had been fed made no difference.

So the gas was not gulped air and not digestion gas. It came from the swim bladder, the gas-filled bag a fish uses to hold its depth. Wilson’s team concluded that social mediation “appears likely”: a way for a school to stay together in the dark.

How did herring fool the Swedish navy?

In October 1981 a Soviet submarine ran aground near Karlskrona, about 6 mi (10 km) from a Swedish naval base. For years afterward the navy’s hydrophones picked up a faint popping and hissing that its analysts filed as intruding submarines. One operation sent submarines, surface ships and helicopters after the sound for a month. They found a few bubbles on the surface and nothing else. The hunts went on for over a decade, and in 1994 Prime Minister Carl Bildt wrote to Boris Yeltsin to demand an explanation.

In 1996 the navy let two biologists, Håkan Westerberg of Sweden’s National Board of Fisheries and Magnus Wahlberg, into the listening room under its Stockholm base. Wahlberg has said the sound reminded him of frying bacon. Herring have a swim bladder joined to the gut and the anal opening. A startled school, which can cover several square kilometers and reach 65 ft (20 m) down, releases clouds of bubbles at once.

Wahlberg and Westerberg recognized the sound as bubbles, traced it to herring, and published their measurements in 2003, the same year as the Wilson, Batty and Dill paper. The Ig Nobel committee gave the 2004 Biology prize to all five scientists together.

Which fish can fart or burp, and which cannot?

Fish come with two kinds of swim bladder. An open bladder, physostomous in the textbooks, keeps a duct to the gut, which FishBase defines as “a connection (pneumatic duct) between the gas bladder and the esophagus.” Those fish gulp air at the surface to fill the bladder and belch it back out to lose lift.

A closed bladder, physoclistous, has no duct. Gas enters it from the blood through a gas gland and leaves it through a patch called the oval, back into the blood, and that road is slow. The Saltman Quarterly at UC San Diego puts it plainly: gas removal in these fish is much slower than belching, which makes them “more susceptible to barotrauma.”

North Dakota Game and Fish sorts the fish anglers meet into the two camps. Trout, salmon and northern pike can burp. Walleye, yellow perch, largemouth and smallmouth bass release gas slowly, through the gills via the bloodstream, too slowly for a fast trip up.

Fish	Swim bladder	How gas gets out	Pulled up fast from 33 ft (10 m)
Atlantic and Pacific herring	Open, with the extra anal duct	Burped, or out the back as a Fast Repetitive Tick	Burps or farts the extra gas away
Trout, salmon, northern pike	Open (pneumatic duct to the gut)	Burped out through the mouth	Burps the gas out on the way up (North Dakota Game and Fish)
Carp, catfish	Open (pneumatic duct to the gut)	Burped out through the mouth	Burps; the bladder also links to the inner ear for hearing
Largemouth and smallmouth bass	Closed, no duct	Into the blood through the oval, over hours	Bloats, floats on its side: barotrauma
Walleye, yellow perch, snapper, rockfish, sea bass	Closed, no duct	Into the blood through the oval, over hours	Bloats; the most barotrauma-prone group (North Dakota Game and Fish, UC San Diego)

The herring has a trout’s open bladder plus a second exit at the back, and talks through it. A trout can only burp. A bass can do neither.

That also explains most aquarium “farts.” Goldfish are carp, and like other carp they keep a pneumatic duct between the swim bladder and the esophagus. Fish veterinarian Jessie Sanders explains that they fill the bladder with air they swallow, and that a goldfish feeding at the surface swallows extra. A bubble from a goldfish is most likely that swallowed air on its way back out: a burp, not a fart. Bettas and gouramis gulp air for another reason: they breathe it through a labyrinth organ above the gills, which holds the bubble until it is expelled through the gill covers. Their males also blow mucus-covered bubbles at the surface to build a froth nest (Animal Diversity Web).

Do fish fart from digestion, and do they make methane?

A human fart is gut gas: hydrogen, carbon dioxide and, in some people, methane made by microbes. We found no published measurement of gut-gas makeup in a fish. The hard data points are few and old. In 1979 Ronald Oremland of the U.S. Geological Survey cultured the gut contents of three ocean fish and found methane-producing microbes in two of them, and in 1999 a Dutch team found the same kind of microbes in the gut and droppings of North Sea flounder.

The herring study points the other way for its sounds, since the bubbles kept coming without food. The Naked Scientists note only that fish “produce a little bit of gases themselves.” The honest answer: fish may release a trace of gut gas with their waste, but we found no record of anyone catching them doing it audibly. We found no published figure for fish methane either; any page that gives you one is guessing.

Do sharks fart?

Sharks have no swim bladder, so there is no bladder gas to vent. One shark found a workaround. The sand tiger shark swims to the surface, gulps air and holds it in its stomach, which lets it hang almost motionless above the bottom. The Aquarium of the Pacific calls it “the only known shark to do this.” Where the air goes when the shark wants to sink, the aquarium does not say, so the sand tiger sits on every list of farting fish on suspicion alone.

Do fish poop?

Yes, every one of them. Whatever a fish cannot digest leaves through the anus, often as a thin dark string that trails before it drops. Apart from the herring, we know of no fish shown to make a sound at the back end.

Why does a bass come up bloated?

A smallmouth bass hooked in 30 ft (9 m) and reeled straight up has a closed swim bladder and no time to move the gas into its blood. The gas expands as the pressure drops. At the surface the fish lies on its side, belly swollen, sometimes with the eyes bulging or the stomach pushed into the mouth, and it cannot swim down. That is barotrauma.

The agencies draw the danger line at different depths. North Dakota Game and Fish reports a sharp rise in deaths once fish come from deeper than about 33 ft (10 m), where the water adds a full atmosphere of pressure. Arkansas Game and Fish puts the trouble zone below 25 ft (7.6 m), and B.A.S.S. says 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m). The same gas that keeps a bass level all summer is what kills it in November, when the schools sit on deep brush.

Anglers have two fixes.

Fizzing means puncturing the swim bladder with a hollow needle to let the gas out. For bass, B.A.S.S. recommends a 1.5 in (38 mm) 18-gauge needle at the first sign of distress, through the side between the dorsal and anal fins rather than through the mouth. In Texas Parks and Wildlife trials, side-fizzed fish survived significantly better, and autopsies found the mouth route more likely to damage blood vessels and organs.

A descending device is a weighted clip or cage that carries the fish back to the depth it came from. The pressure at depth squeezes the bladder back to size and the fish swims off. No hole, no needle. Arkansas puts it first. North Dakota calls it the gentler tool, and would rather you kept a deep-caught walleye or bass, or fished shallower.

The hard numbers come from Madden and colleagues in 2024. They caught 106 smallmouth bass in shallow water, healthy and unbloated, and fizzed or punctured their bladders. Then they fitted them with depth loggers and released them over either 33 ft (10 m) or 180 ft (55 m) of water.

Over the deep water, 57% of the fizzed fish and 61% of the punctured fish could not hold their depth, sank to the bottom and lay there. Over the shallow spot the punctured fish behaved like untouched controls, but many of the fizzed fish still lay on the bottom. The authors’ advice: a fizzed bass goes back only where the water is shallower than 33 ft (10 m). A needle hole is a leak, and a leaking bass over deep water free-falls.

What should you do with a bloated fish?

Read the signs. The fish came from deeper than about 25 to 33 ft (7.6 to 10 m), floats on its side, the belly is tight and round, and it cannot right itself. That is barotrauma, not exhaustion; a tired fish is revived differently, as the page on whether fish drown explains.
Work fast and wet. Keep the fish in the water, hold it with wet hands, skip the photo. The catch-and-release basics cover the handling.
Reach for the descending device first. Clip it to the lower jaw, lower the fish to the depth you caught it, release. Nothing gets punctured, and the fish ends up where its bladder fits again.
Fizz only if you must hold the fish, and only the B.A.S.S. way. In a tournament livewell, use a 1.5 in (38 mm) 18-gauge needle through the side, not the mouth, at the first sign of floating, and soak it in alcohol between fish.
Release a fizzed fish shallow. Madden’s loggers showed a fizzed smallmouth over 180 ft (55 m) sinks more often than not; over 33 ft (10 m) the punctured fish swam like controls, but many fizzed ones still sat on the bottom. Run to a flat before you let it go, and expect no miracle.
Stop making bloated fish. If every fish from a deep school comes up swollen and you are releasing them, move shallower or send each one straight back down. Arkansas Game and Fish adds a third option: a fish showing extreme signs is a fish to keep for the table, within the limit.

What will kids ask next?

The next questions arrive in the same breath: do fish sleep (yes, by every test that matters) and do fish feel pain (the trout study says more than most people expect). The rest are in the fish facts collection.

A herring farts to keep its friends close in the dark. A bass cannot fart at all, which is exactly why it needs you when it comes up from deep water.

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